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ISC CISSP Practice Test 54

Question 530

A healthcare service grants record access based on clinician role, patient assignment, working shift and care location. A colleague instead proposes: "Grant every employee assigned the generic nurse group access to all patient records." Which finding BEST explains why the proposal should be rejected?

  1. No evidence or governance records should be retained when evaluating this 5.4 decision.
  2. Coarse role assignment ignores patient relationship and context-sensitive least privilege.
  3. Its only deficiency is a missing executive signature, even if the design still fails the stated requirement.
  4. It is inadequate only because of a different later condition: A simpler internal tool has stable job functions and no dynamic record-level conditions.

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

Coarse role assignment ignores patient relationship and context-sensitive least privilege. This directly invalidates the proposed action: Grant every employee assigned the generic nurse group access to all patient records.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Destroying records would weaken oversight and cannot remedy the immediate technical or governance flaw: Coarse role assignment ignores patient relationship and context-sensitive least privilege.

C:

Approval alone cannot fix the specific weakness: Coarse role assignment ignores patient relationship and context-sensitive least privilege.

D:

The subsequent circumstance is separate and does not explain why this proposed action fails the initial case. Stable permissions may be governed efficiently with RBAC where complex attribute evaluation is unnecessary.

Question 531

A healthcare service grants record access based on clinician role, patient assignment, working shift and care location. After implementing "Apply centrally enforced attribute-based authorization with reliable contextual attributes.", what evidence BEST demonstrates that the intended security outcome is functioning?

  1. A meeting record that the alternate design "Use narrowly scoped role-based access with periodic role membership review." was discussed but never tested.
  2. Tests vary assignment, shift and location and verify each permit/deny decision with logged policy inputs.
  3. A note proposing to test this exact 5.4 measure in a future quarter.
  4. A declaration that no incident has been reported, without exercising the relevant control.

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

Tests vary assignment, shift and location and verify each permit/deny decision with logged policy inputs. This verifies the original requirement because aBAC can evaluate multiple subject, resource and environmental attributes at request time.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Discussion of a different design does not demonstrate the deployed control. Stable permissions may be governed efficiently with RBAC where complex attribute evaluation is unnecessary.

C:

An unexecuted future plan does not prove current effectiveness for the stated 5.4 objective. The evidence should include: Tests vary assignment, shift and location and verify each permit/deny decision with logged policy inputs.

D:

Absence of reported incidents is not a controlled validation of the requirement. A stronger proof is: Tests vary assignment, shift and location and verify each permit/deny decision with logged policy inputs.

Question 532

The organization previously faced this problem: A healthcare service grants record access based on clinician role, patient assignment, working shift and care location. Its requirement then changes: A simpler internal tool has stable job functions and no dynamic record-level conditions. Which revised action BEST meets the new requirement?

  1. Keep the original 5.4 policy unchanged, and defer the newly identified requirement without a risk decision.
  2. Use narrowly scoped role-based access with periodic role membership review.
  3. Apply centrally enforced attribute-based authorization with reliable contextual attributes.
  4. Grant every employee assigned the generic nurse group access to all patient records.

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

Stable permissions may be governed efficiently with RBAC where complex attribute evaluation is unnecessary. The appropriate revised action is: Use narrowly scoped role-based access with periodic role membership review.

Incorrect Answers

A:

The new requirement needs an accountable response, not automatic deferral. Stable permissions may be governed efficiently with RBAC where complex attribute evaluation is unnecessary.

C:

This addresses the original situation: ABAC can evaluate multiple subject, resource and environmental attributes at request time. It does not directly meet the changed requirement: A simpler internal tool has stable job functions and no dynamic record-level conditions.

D:

The earlier rejected approach remains inappropriate. Coarse role assignment ignores patient relationship and context-sensitive least privilege.

Question 533

A project team wants users to access shared files based on their department and record sensitivity, but discretionary owners keep sharing them publicly. What should the security manager recommend as the MOST appropriate response to the current requirement?

  1. Use governed discretionary access controls with clear oversight.
  2. Require consistent policy enforcement points and fail-safe validation of decisions and freshness.
  3. Apply centralized classification-aware mandatory or policy-based authorization that limits discretionary sharing.
  4. Let every document owner override mandatory secrecy rules for convenience.

Explanation

Correct Answer

C:

Resource sensitivity and enterprise policy should constrain individual owner grants for protected files.

Incorrect Answers

A:

This is appropriate for a later condition (A less sensitive collaboration space instead permits owners to share their own working documents.), but it does not directly resolve the initial need. Lower-sensitivity collaborative assets may justify owner-managed grants under policy.

B:

This response addresses a different condition: A policy decision service produces allow/deny results, but one microservice ignores denials when its local cache is stale. The present case requires the measure described by Apply centralized classification-aware mandatory or policy-based authorization that limits discretionary sharing.

D:

Unrestricted discretionary sharing can defeat classification requirements. The proposal would not be defensible for this case.

Question 534

A project team wants users to access shared files based on their department and record sensitivity, but discretionary owners keep sharing them publicly. A designer proposes: Let every document owner override mandatory secrecy rules for convenience. What is the MOST significant security deficiency in this proposal?

  1. Lower-sensitivity collaborative assets may justify owner-managed grants under policy.
  2. Mandatory access policy makes classification decisions independent of discretionary sharing.
  3. Unrestricted discretionary sharing can defeat classification requirements.
  4. Owner-controlled downgrading destroys the integrity of mandatory classification.

Explanation

Correct Answer

C:

Unrestricted discretionary sharing can defeat classification requirements. This is the direct weakness in the proposed action.

Incorrect Answers

A:

This explains a later shift in requirements (A less sensitive collaboration space instead permits owners to share their own working documents.), not the failure of the current proposal.

B:

This is an advantage of another design (Enforce mandatory labels and subject clearances with trusted reference monitoring.), not the particular flaw of Let every document owner override mandatory secrecy rules for convenience.

D:

This is a limitation elsewhere: A classified intelligence system must prevent lower-clearance personnel from learning high-classification contents regardless of file owner choices. It does not explain the deficiency of the specified proposed approach.

Question 535

A project team wants users to access shared files based on their department and record sensitivity, but discretionary owners keep sharing them publicly. The organization has now implemented this response: Apply centralized classification-aware mandatory or policy-based authorization that limits discretionary sharing. Which observation would MOST directly demonstrate that the security objective was met?

  1. Attempts by insufficiently cleared accounts to read files are denied and recorded.
  2. An approved change ticket for Apply centralized classification-aware mandatory or policy-based authorization that limits discretionary sharing. without a completed verification result.
  3. Negative tests show owners cannot disclose restricted files outside authorized clearance.
  4. A policy audit correlates all overrides to tickets, owners, tests and expiry.

Explanation

Correct Answer

C:

Negative tests show owners cannot disclose restricted files outside authorized clearance. This validates that resource sensitivity and enterprise policy should constrain individual owner grants for protected files.

Incorrect Answers

A:

This other observation is relevant to: A classified intelligence system must prevent lower-clearance personnel from learning high-classification contents regardless of file owner choices.

B:

An approved change without an executed test cannot prove operating effectiveness. The needed evidence is Negative tests show owners cannot disclose restricted files outside authorized clearance.

D:

This demonstrates controls in another circumstance: A contractor's API access is governed by a narrow policy, but administrators make repeated manual overrides directly in the application database.

Question 536

A previous security situation was: A project team wants users to access shared files based on their department and record sensitivity, but discretionary owners keep sharing them publicly. Now the requirement changes: A less sensitive collaboration space instead permits owners to share their own working documents. Which NEW action BEST answers the changed need?

  1. Let every document owner override mandatory secrecy rules for convenience.
  2. Negative tests show owners cannot disclose restricted files outside authorized clearance.
  3. Use governed discretionary access controls with clear oversight.
  4. Apply centralized classification-aware mandatory or policy-based authorization that limits discretionary sharing.

Explanation

Correct Answer

C:

Lower-sensitivity collaborative assets may justify owner-managed grants under policy. The revised action is Use governed discretionary access controls with clear oversight.

Incorrect Answers

A:

This remains inappropriate: Unrestricted discretionary sharing can defeat classification requirements.

B:

This is a record of how the initial safeguard would be checked, not an action implementing the newly requested condition: Negative tests show owners cannot disclose restricted files outside authorized clearance.

D:

This is the appropriate response to the original situation: Resource sensitivity and enterprise policy should constrain individual owner grants for protected files. It does not directly meet the new condition.

Question 537

A company grants cloud roles based on business job functions, but inherited role permissions have grown without review. What should the security manager recommend as the MOST appropriate response to the current requirement?

  1. Enforce mandatory labels and subject clearances with trusted reference monitoring.
  2. Rebuild role definitions around least privilege with entitlement analysis and periodic role certification.
  3. Keep adding wildcard permissions to existing roles to stop access tickets.
  4. Add context-sensitive authorization checks for the high-risk workflow.

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

Role-based access works only when each role's permissions remain purpose-bound. This directly addresses the stated situation.

Incorrect Answers

A:

This response addresses a different condition: A classified intelligence system must prevent lower-clearance personnel from learning high-classification contents regardless of file owner choices. The present case requires the measure described by Rebuild role definitions around least privilege with entitlement analysis and periodic role certification.

C:

Role creep can create excessive privileges across many users at once. The proposal would not be defensible for this case.

D:

This is appropriate for a later condition (An emergency finance approval needs additional attributes such as transaction value and region.), but it does not directly resolve the initial need. Static roles may need attribute-based constraints to enforce transaction conditions.

Question 538

A company grants cloud roles based on business job functions, but inherited role permissions have grown without review. A designer proposes: Keep adding wildcard permissions to existing roles to stop access tickets. What is the MOST significant security deficiency in this proposal?

  1. Ad hoc direct edits can diverge from authoritative authorization decisions.
  2. Role creep can create excessive privileges across many users at once.
  3. Unlogged exceptions can accumulate privileges and defeat policy consistency.
  4. Static roles may need attribute-based constraints to enforce transaction conditions.

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

Role creep can create excessive privileges across many users at once. This is the direct weakness in the proposed action.

Incorrect Answers

A:

This is an advantage of another design (Require consistent policy-as-code enforcement and formally governed exception handling.), not the particular flaw of Keep adding wildcard permissions to existing roles to stop access tickets.

C:

This is a limitation elsewhere: A contractor's API access is governed by a narrow policy, but administrators make repeated manual overrides directly in the application database. It does not explain the deficiency of the specified proposed approach.

D:

This explains a later shift in requirements (An emergency finance approval needs additional attributes such as transaction value and region.), not the failure of the current proposal.

Question 539

A company grants cloud roles based on business job functions, but inherited role permissions have grown without review. The organization has now implemented this response: Rebuild role definitions around least privilege with entitlement analysis and periodic role certification. Which observation would MOST directly demonstrate that the security objective was met?

  1. An approved change ticket for Rebuild role definitions around least privilege with entitlement analysis and periodic role certification. without a completed verification result.
  2. Role tests deny unrelated actions and periodic attestation reconciles members and privileges.
  3. Negative tests show owners cannot disclose restricted files outside authorized clearance.
  4. A policy audit correlates all overrides to tickets, owners, tests and expiry.

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

Role tests deny unrelated actions and periodic attestation reconciles members and privileges. This validates that role-based access works only when each role's permissions remain purpose-bound.

Incorrect Answers

A:

An approved change without an executed test cannot prove operating effectiveness. The needed evidence is Role tests deny unrelated actions and periodic attestation reconciles members and privileges.

C:

This demonstrates controls in another circumstance: A project team wants users to access shared files based on their department and record sensitivity, but discretionary owners keep sharing them publicly.

D:

This other observation is relevant to: A contractor's API access is governed by a narrow policy, but administrators make repeated manual overrides directly in the application database.

Question 540

A company grants cloud roles based on business job functions, but inherited role permissions have grown without review. A later change introduces this additional requirement: An emergency finance approval needs additional attributes such as transaction value and region. Select THREE elements that together supply the initial control, objective evidence of effectiveness, and the changed-requirement response. (Select THREE.)

  1. Keep adding wildcard permissions to existing roles to stop access tickets.
  2. Require consistent policy enforcement points and fail-safe validation of decisions and freshness.
  3. Cache-expiry and disconnection tests show each service denies inappropriate requests.
  4. Rebuild role definitions around least privilege with entitlement analysis and periodic role certification.
  5. Role tests deny unrelated actions and periodic attestation reconciles members and privileges.
  6. Add context-sensitive authorization checks for the high-risk workflow.

Explanation

Correct Answers

D:

Correct — initial control. Role-based access works only when each role's permissions remain purpose-bound.

E:

Correct — observable control evidence. The relevant result is: Role tests deny unrelated actions and periodic attestation reconciles members and privileges. This provides a completed control test rather than an implementation promise.

F:

Correct — changed condition. Static roles may need attribute-based constraints to enforce transaction conditions.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Incorrect — it fails the original constraint. Role creep can create excessive privileges across many users at once.

B:

Incorrect — the measure Require consistent policy enforcement points and fail-safe validation of decisions and freshness. addresses a different case: A policy decision service produces allow/deny results, but one microservice ignores denials when its local cache is stale.

C:

Incorrect — this evidence applies to another case: A policy decision service produces allow/deny results, but one microservice ignores denials when its local cache is stale. The specified requirement here is A company grants cloud roles based on business job functions, but inherited role permissions have grown without review.

Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) Practice Tests