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Linux Foundation KCNA Practice Test 105

Question 1040

A team creates a default-deny policy but still sees unrestricted traffic because its CNI plugin does not implement NetworkPolicy. Which evidence should the engineer inspect FIRST to distinguish the likely cause or verify the prerequisite?

  1. Inspect Service selector, Pod readiness, EndpointSlice addresses, kube-proxy or eBPF service programming and target ports.
  2. Inspect controller readiness, class or Gateway association, route attachment status, TLS Secret and backend Service mapping.
  3. Inspect NetworkPolicy podSelector, namespaces, allowed ports, CNI enforcement support and packet test results.
  4. Review container lastState, exit code, restart count, previous logs and application configuration.

Explanation

Correct Answer

C:

Inspect NetworkPolicy podSelector, namespaces, allowed ports, CNI enforcement support and packet test results. This is the most discriminating evidence for the described failure or requirement. Without policies a standard namespace usually permits traffic; NetworkPolicy enforcement requires a compatible networking implementation. The corresponding implementation is: Apply supported Kubernetes NetworkPolicies to restrict traffic using Pod/namespace selectors and explicit ingress/egress rules. Workload context: A team creates a default-deny policy but still sees unrestricted traffic because its CNI plugin does not implement NetworkPolicy.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Inspect Service selector, Pod readiness, EndpointSlice addresses, kube-proxy or eBPF service programming and target ports. These observations are more relevant to Service endpoint routing and kube-proxy, not this case. The distinguishing check is: Inspect NetworkPolicy podSelector, namespaces, allowed ports, CNI enforcement support and packet test results. Workload context: A team creates a default-deny policy but still sees unrestricted traffic because its CNI plugin does not implement NetworkPolicy.

B:

Inspect controller readiness, class or Gateway association, route attachment status, TLS Secret and backend Service mapping. These observations are more relevant to Ingress and Gateway API routing, not this case. The distinguishing check is: Inspect NetworkPolicy podSelector, namespaces, allowed ports, CNI enforcement support and packet test results. Workload context: A team creates a default-deny policy but still sees unrestricted traffic because its CNI plugin does not implement NetworkPolicy.

D:

Review container lastState, exit code, restart count, previous logs and application configuration. These observations are more relevant to CrashLoopBackOff and previous logs, not this case. The distinguishing check is: Inspect NetworkPolicy podSelector, namespaces, allowed ports, CNI enforcement support and packet test results. Workload context: A team creates a default-deny policy but still sees unrestricted traffic because its CNI plugin does not implement NetworkPolicy.

Question 1041

A team adds a liveness probe to a transient overloaded endpoint and starts a restart storm instead of isolating readiness behavior. Which TWO complementary steps supply the appropriate approach AND the evidence required to validate it? Select TWO.

  1. Noncompliant Pod specifications are rejected under enforcement without unexpectedly blocking approved workloads.
  2. Assign readiness for traffic acceptance, liveness for unhealthy restarts and startup for slow initialization when appropriate.
  3. Inspect probe paths, thresholds, failure conditions, Service endpoints and container restart events.
  4. Inspect CNI configuration, Pod CIDRs, node route tables, overlay/underlay links and CNI daemon logs.
  5. Investigate node disk, memory and PID pressure conditions and distinguish eviction from application-probe restarts.

Explanation

Correct Answers

B:

Assign readiness for traffic acceptance, liveness for unhealthy restarts and startup for slow initialization when appropriate. This response implements the controlling Kubernetes or cloud native principle. Readiness failure removes a Pod from ready endpoints; liveness failure may restart a container. Check its effect by: Inspect probe paths, thresholds, failure conditions, Service endpoints and container restart events. This is the implementation part of the required paired answer. Workload context: A team adds a liveness probe to a transient overloaded endpoint and starts a restart storm instead of isolating readiness behavior.

C:

Inspect probe paths, thresholds, failure conditions, Service endpoints and container restart events. This is the most discriminating evidence for the described failure or requirement. Readiness failure removes a Pod from ready endpoints; liveness failure may restart a container. The corresponding implementation is: Assign readiness for traffic acceptance, liveness for unhealthy restarts and startup for slow initialization when appropriate. This is the diagnostic evidence part of the paired answer. Workload context: A team adds a liveness probe to a transient overloaded endpoint and starts a restart storm instead of isolating readiness behavior.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Noncompliant Pod specifications are rejected under enforcement without unexpectedly blocking approved workloads. This step belongs to Pod Security Admission and namespaces rather than the complementary implementation and evidence pair. The intended approach is: Assign readiness for traffic acceptance, liveness for unhealthy restarts and startup for slow initialization when appropriate. Validate with: Inspect probe paths, thresholds, failure conditions, Service endpoints and container restart events. Workload context: A team adds a liveness probe to a transient overloaded endpoint and starts a restart storm instead of isolating readiness behavior.

D:

Inspect CNI configuration, Pod CIDRs, node route tables, overlay/underlay links and CNI daemon logs. This step belongs to CNI Pod networking implementation rather than the complementary implementation and evidence pair. The intended approach is: Assign readiness for traffic acceptance, liveness for unhealthy restarts and startup for slow initialization when appropriate. Validate with: Inspect probe paths, thresholds, failure conditions, Service endpoints and container restart events. Workload context: A team adds a liveness probe to a transient overloaded endpoint and starts a restart storm instead of isolating readiness behavior.

E:

Investigate node disk, memory and PID pressure conditions and distinguish eviction from application-probe restarts. This step belongs to Node pressure and Pod eviction analysis rather than the complementary implementation and evidence pair. The intended approach is: Assign readiness for traffic acceptance, liveness for unhealthy restarts and startup for slow initialization when appropriate. Validate with: Inspect probe paths, thresholds, failure conditions, Service endpoints and container restart events. Workload context: A team adds a liveness probe to a transient overloaded endpoint and starts a restart storm instead of isolating readiness behavior.

Question 1042

A preproduction job applies an invalid pod template without using server dry-run and catches failure only after traffic is affected. Which observable result BEST confirms the desired Kubernetes or cloud native behavior?

  1. The selected isolation model meets workload portability and security needs without claiming that containers include separate guest kernels.
  2. Reapplying unchanged configuration is safe and the resulting cluster state matches the reviewed manifest.
  3. Replica placement stays within the intended skew or reports clear scheduling limits.
  4. Operators identify the failing object and use evidence before editing controllers or escalating access.

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

Reapplying unchanged configuration is safe and the resulting cluster state matches the reviewed manifest. This is an observable service outcome, not just evidence that a configuration file was saved. Declarative apply merges intended fields but conflicts and imperative edits require field ownership review. Workload context: A preproduction job applies an invalid pod template without using server dry-run and catches failure only after traffic is affected.

Incorrect Answers

A:

The selected isolation model meets workload portability and security needs without claiming that containers include separate guest kernels. That result validates Container versus virtual machine isolation rather than the requirement here. Verify instead: Reapplying unchanged configuration is safe and the resulting cluster state matches the reviewed manifest. Workload context: A preproduction job applies an invalid pod template without using server dry-run and catches failure only after traffic is affected.

C:

Replica placement stays within the intended skew or reports clear scheduling limits. That result validates Topology spread constraints rather than the requirement here. Verify instead: Reapplying unchanged configuration is safe and the resulting cluster state matches the reviewed manifest. Workload context: A preproduction job applies an invalid pod template without using server dry-run and catches failure only after traffic is affected.

D:

Operators identify the failing object and use evidence before editing controllers or escalating access. That result validates kubectl inspect and describe diagnostics rather than the requirement here. Verify instead: Reapplying unchanged configuration is safe and the resulting cluster state matches the reviewed manifest. Workload context: A preproduction job applies an invalid pod template without using server dry-run and catches failure only after traffic is affected.

Question 1043

A drain is blocked when a PDB requires two healthy replicas but only one is currently Ready. Which observable result BEST confirms the desired Kubernetes or cloud native behavior?

  1. Missing workload replicas are recreated from their controllers and desired counts converge after disruptions.
  2. Critical workloads gain capacity when eligible without uncontrolled eviction of unrelated protected services.
  3. Planned node drains respect application availability requirements without confusing voluntary and involuntary disruptions.
  4. All intended replicas run the approved digest and upgrades trace back to a reviewed artifact.

Explanation

Correct Answer

C:

Planned node drains respect application availability requirements without confusing voluntary and involuntary disruptions. This is an observable service outcome, not just evidence that a configuration file was saved. A PodDisruptionBudget governs voluntary eviction; it does not guarantee protection against hardware failure or create new replicas. Workload context: A drain is blocked when a PDB requires two healthy replicas but only one is currently Ready.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Missing workload replicas are recreated from their controllers and desired counts converge after disruptions. That result validates Controller manager reconciliation loops rather than the requirement here. Verify instead: Planned node drains respect application availability requirements without confusing voluntary and involuntary disruptions. Workload context: A drain is blocked when a PDB requires two healthy replicas but only one is currently Ready.

B:

Critical workloads gain capacity when eligible without uncontrolled eviction of unrelated protected services. That result validates PriorityClass and preemption rather than the requirement here. Verify instead: Planned node drains respect application availability requirements without confusing voluntary and involuntary disruptions. Workload context: A drain is blocked when a PDB requires two healthy replicas but only one is currently Ready.

D:

All intended replicas run the approved digest and upgrades trace back to a reviewed artifact. That result validates Immutable container images and digests rather than the requirement here. Verify instead: Planned node drains respect application availability requirements without confusing voluntary and involuntary disruptions. Workload context: A drain is blocked when a PDB requires two healthy replicas but only one is currently Ready.

Question 1044

An operations team copies a manifest from an old tutorial and receives no matches for the requested resource version. Which Kubernetes or cloud native approach BEST addresses the stated requirement?

  1. Pin production images to verified digests or governed immutable tags so every node runs a known artifact.
  2. Use kube-scheduler to bind eligible unscheduled Pods to suitable nodes based on resources and scheduling constraints.
  3. Keep etcd highly available and maintain secure, tested snapshots of Kubernetes API state rather than treating it as ordinary container storage.
  4. Declare Kubernetes resource kind, apiVersion, metadata and spec using a supported schema and reconcile changes through the API.

Explanation

Correct Answer

D:

Declare Kubernetes resource kind, apiVersion, metadata and spec using a supported schema and reconcile changes through the API. This response implements the controlling Kubernetes or cloud native principle. Kubernetes API versions are resource-specific and evolve; a valid YAML file does not guarantee the API accepts its kind or schema. Check its effect by: Validate manifest API group/version, field schema, kind, namespace, admission responses and managed-field conflicts. Workload context: An operations team copies a manifest from an old tutorial and receives no matches for the requested resource version.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Pin production images to verified digests or governed immutable tags so every node runs a known artifact. This action addresses Immutable container images and digests instead of the controlling requirement. Mutable image tags can resolve to different builds over time; digests identify immutable content. For this scenario prefer: Declare Kubernetes resource kind, apiVersion, metadata and spec using a supported schema and reconcile changes through the API. Workload context: An operations team copies a manifest from an old tutorial and receives no matches for the requested resource version.

B:

Use kube-scheduler to bind eligible unscheduled Pods to suitable nodes based on resources and scheduling constraints. This action addresses Scheduler responsibility and binding instead of the controlling requirement. kube-scheduler assigns Pods to nodes; kubelet executes Pods after assignment and the controller manager reconciles controllers. For this scenario prefer: Declare Kubernetes resource kind, apiVersion, metadata and spec using a supported schema and reconcile changes through the API. Workload context: An operations team copies a manifest from an old tutorial and receives no matches for the requested resource version.

C:

Keep etcd highly available and maintain secure, tested snapshots of Kubernetes API state rather than treating it as ordinary container storage. This action addresses etcd consistency and cluster state instead of the controlling requirement. etcd is a consistent key-value store for API state; it is not where persistent application volume data lives. For this scenario prefer: Declare Kubernetes resource kind, apiVersion, metadata and spec using a supported schema and reconcile changes through the API. Workload context: An operations team copies a manifest from an old tutorial and receives no matches for the requested resource version.

Question 1045

A release routes 2% of users to a canary but health dashboards aggregate both versions and hide a canary-only error surge. Which evidence should the engineer inspect FIRST to distinguish the likely cause or verify the prerequisite?

  1. Check registry digest, image signatures, deployment Pod imageID and provenance attestations across stages.
  2. Inspect selected Pod/container, executed command, RBAC exec permission and audit records.
  3. Inspect pod/container name, restartCount, lastState, previous log output and log collector availability.
  4. Inspect traffic split, Service selectors or routing weights, version identity and representative user metrics.

Explanation

Correct Answer

D:

Inspect traffic split, Service selectors or routing weights, version identity and representative user metrics. This is the most discriminating evidence for the described failure or requirement. Blue-green switches environments, whereas canary ramps exposure; a basic Deployment alone may not provide precise traffic percentages. The corresponding implementation is: Choose blue-green for switching between full environments and canary for gradually exposing a small percentage of users to a new version. Workload context: A release routes 2% of users to a canary but health dashboards aggregate both versions and hide a canary-only error surge.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Check registry digest, image signatures, deployment Pod imageID and provenance attestations across stages. These observations are more relevant to Artifact promotion by digest, not this case. The distinguishing check is: Inspect traffic split, Service selectors or routing weights, version identity and representative user metrics. Workload context: A release routes 2% of users to a canary but health dashboards aggregate both versions and hide a canary-only error surge.

B:

Inspect selected Pod/container, executed command, RBAC exec permission and audit records. These observations are more relevant to kubectl exec diagnostic boundaries, not this case. The distinguishing check is: Inspect traffic split, Service selectors or routing weights, version identity and representative user metrics. Workload context: A release routes 2% of users to a canary but health dashboards aggregate both versions and hide a canary-only error surge.

C:

Inspect pod/container name, restartCount, lastState, previous log output and log collector availability. These observations are more relevant to kubectl logs current versus previous instance, not this case. The distinguishing check is: Inspect traffic split, Service selectors or routing weights, version identity and representative user metrics. Workload context: A release routes 2% of users to a canary but health dashboards aggregate both versions and hide a canary-only error surge.

Question 1046

A canary passes readiness checks but its checkout endpoint produces twice the normal error rate under real traffic. Which observable result BEST confirms the desired Kubernetes or cloud native behavior?

  1. Troubleshooters inspect network and process behavior without bloating or rebuilding the immutable production image.
  2. Engineers identify the failing process message associated with the correct container instance and time window.
  3. Traffic shifts as planned with clear rollback triggers and both versions behaving under their measured loads.
  4. A failing candidate build halts or rolls back before reaching full audience while healthy versions progress safely.

Explanation

Correct Answer

D:

A failing candidate build halts or rolls back before reaching full audience while healthy versions progress safely. This is an observable service outcome, not just evidence that a configuration file was saved. Automated analysis requires representative telemetry and guardrails; an unchanged rollout status does not prove user experience is healthy. Workload context: A canary passes readiness checks but its checkout endpoint produces twice the normal error rate under real traffic.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Troubleshooters inspect network and process behavior without bloating or rebuilding the immutable production image. That result validates Ephemeral debug containers for minimal images rather than the requirement here. Verify instead: A failing candidate build halts or rolls back before reaching full audience while healthy versions progress safely. Workload context: A canary passes readiness checks but its checkout endpoint produces twice the normal error rate under real traffic.

B:

Engineers identify the failing process message associated with the correct container instance and time window. That result validates kubectl logs current versus previous instance rather than the requirement here. Verify instead: A failing candidate build halts or rolls back before reaching full audience while healthy versions progress safely. Workload context: A canary passes readiness checks but its checkout endpoint produces twice the normal error rate under real traffic.

C:

Traffic shifts as planned with clear rollback triggers and both versions behaving under their measured loads. That result validates Blue-green versus canary release patterns rather than the requirement here. Verify instead: A failing candidate build halts or rolls back before reaching full audience while healthy versions progress safely. Workload context: A canary passes readiness checks but its checkout endpoint produces twice the normal error rate under real traffic.

Question 1047

A 99.9 percent availability objective is written without specifying which requests count as successful over what period. Which evidence should the engineer inspect FIRST to distinguish the likely cause or verify the prerequisite?

  1. Inspect service ownership, API contract, timeout/retry behavior, communication coupling and failure domains.
  2. Inspect metric labels and samples, log fields, trace/span correlation and sampling rates.
  3. Inspect SLI queries, SLO target/window, request populations, error budgets and alert rule outcomes.
  4. Identify each project role, integration point, maintainer documentation and whether it belongs to Kubernetes core.

Explanation

Correct Answer

C:

Inspect SLI queries, SLO target/window, request populations, error budgets and alert rule outcomes. This is the most discriminating evidence for the described failure or requirement. An SLI is a measurement, an SLO is a target and an SLA is a contractual commitment; they should not be conflated. The corresponding implementation is: Define user-relevant service-level indicators and objectives for availability, error rate or latency with practical alert thresholds. Workload context: A 99.9 percent availability objective is written without specifying which requests count as successful over what period.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Inspect service ownership, API contract, timeout/retry behavior, communication coupling and failure domains. These observations are more relevant to Microservices contracts and failure isolation, not this case. The distinguishing check is: Inspect SLI queries, SLO target/window, request populations, error budgets and alert rule outcomes. Workload context: A 99.9 percent availability objective is written without specifying which requests count as successful over what period.

B:

Inspect metric labels and samples, log fields, trace/span correlation and sampling rates. These observations are more relevant to Metrics logs and traces distinctions, not this case. The distinguishing check is: Inspect SLI queries, SLO target/window, request populations, error budgets and alert rule outcomes. Workload context: A 99.9 percent availability objective is written without specifying which requests count as successful over what period.

D:

Identify each project role, integration point, maintainer documentation and whether it belongs to Kubernetes core. These observations are more relevant to CNCF ecosystem and Kubernetes roles, not this case. The distinguishing check is: Inspect SLI queries, SLO target/window, request populations, error budgets and alert rule outcomes. Workload context: A 99.9 percent availability objective is written without specifying which requests count as successful over what period.

Question 1048

A security policy blocks privileged ephemeral containers, forcing the team to use a scoped nonprivileged debugging method. Which evidence should the engineer inspect FIRST to distinguish the likely cause or verify the prerequisite?

  1. Inspect selected Pod/container, executed command, RBAC exec permission and audit records.
  2. Inspect rendered helm template output, values merge order, chart dependency versions and release status.
  3. Inspect host/path rules, route attachment, listener TLS, backend port and controller access logs.
  4. Review ephemeralContainers spec, target container namespace, attach status and host-level privileges requested.

Explanation

Correct Answer

D:

Review ephemeralContainers spec, target container namespace, attach status and host-level privileges requested. This is the most discriminating evidence for the described failure or requirement. Ephemeral containers are for diagnostics and cannot be treated as permanent workload replicas or restarted like ordinary containers. The corresponding implementation is: Use ephemeral containers to inspect a running Pod when its application image lacks debug tools, with approved access to sensitive process namespaces. Workload context: A security policy blocks privileged ephemeral containers, forcing the team to use a scoped nonprivileged debugging method.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Inspect selected Pod/container, executed command, RBAC exec permission and audit records. These observations are more relevant to kubectl exec diagnostic boundaries, not this case. The distinguishing check is: Review ephemeralContainers spec, target container namespace, attach status and host-level privileges requested. Workload context: A security policy blocks privileged ephemeral containers, forcing the team to use a scoped nonprivileged debugging method.

B:

Inspect rendered helm template output, values merge order, chart dependency versions and release status. These observations are more relevant to Helm charts templates and values, not this case. The distinguishing check is: Review ephemeralContainers spec, target container namespace, attach status and host-level privileges requested. Workload context: A security policy blocks privileged ephemeral containers, forcing the team to use a scoped nonprivileged debugging method.

C:

Inspect host/path rules, route attachment, listener TLS, backend port and controller access logs. These observations are more relevant to Ingress route and TLS mismatch diagnosis, not this case. The distinguishing check is: Review ephemeralContainers spec, target container namespace, attach status and host-level privileges requested. Workload context: A security policy blocks privileged ephemeral containers, forcing the team to use a scoped nonprivileged debugging method.

Question 1049

A slow-starting Java app passes readiness only after warm-up but its liveness check kills it every ten seconds during startup. Which observable result BEST confirms the desired Kubernetes or cloud native behavior?

  1. Client connections reach healthy backing Pods and troubleshooters isolate selection from routing problems.
  2. The Service has healthy matching backends and forwards to the application process's actual port.
  3. Deleted claims follow the intended deletion or retention policy without unexpectedly destroying important data.
  4. Healthy but initializing Pods avoid traffic and genuinely stuck workloads recover without unnecessary restart loops.

Explanation

Correct Answer

D:

Healthy but initializing Pods avoid traffic and genuinely stuck workloads recover without unnecessary restart loops. This is an observable service outcome, not just evidence that a configuration file was saved. Readiness failure removes a Pod from ready endpoints; liveness failure may restart a container. Workload context: A slow-starting Java app passes readiness only after warm-up but its liveness check kills it every ten seconds during startup.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Client connections reach healthy backing Pods and troubleshooters isolate selection from routing problems. That result validates Service endpoint routing and kube-proxy rather than the requirement here. Verify instead: Healthy but initializing Pods avoid traffic and genuinely stuck workloads recover without unnecessary restart loops. Workload context: A slow-starting Java app passes readiness only after warm-up but its liveness check kills it every ten seconds during startup.

B:

The Service has healthy matching backends and forwards to the application process's actual port. That result validates Service selector and port mismatch diagnostics rather than the requirement here. Verify instead: Healthy but initializing Pods avoid traffic and genuinely stuck workloads recover without unnecessary restart loops. Workload context: A slow-starting Java app passes readiness only after warm-up but its liveness check kills it every ten seconds during startup.

C:

Deleted claims follow the intended deletion or retention policy without unexpectedly destroying important data. That result validates PV reclaim policy Retain versus Delete rather than the requirement here. Verify instead: Healthy but initializing Pods avoid traffic and genuinely stuck workloads recover without unnecessary restart loops. Workload context: A slow-starting Java app passes readiness only after warm-up but its liveness check kills it every ten seconds during startup.

Question 1050

An engineer checks image tag spelling to validate deployment but never compares running Pod imageID with approved digest. Which TWO complementary steps supply the appropriate approach AND the evidence required to validate it? Select TWO.

  1. An incident timeline pinpoints the failing dependency rather than relying on one generic readiness or CPU signal.
  2. Inspect Pod Ready condition, container restart count, probe event, endpoint membership and HTTP response details.
  3. Promote the same reviewed container image digest between environments instead of rebuilding mutable tags at each stage.
  4. Check registry digest, image signatures, deployment Pod imageID and provenance attestations across stages.
  5. Record artifact provenance, dependency inventories and signed attestations so deployment policy can trace a build to authorized source.

Explanation

Correct Answers

C:

Promote the same reviewed container image digest between environments instead of rebuilding mutable tags at each stage. This response implements the controlling Kubernetes or cloud native principle. An image digest identifies the immutable artifact; matching labels or Git SHAs alone do not prove identical layers. Check its effect by: Check registry digest, image signatures, deployment Pod imageID and provenance attestations across stages. This is the implementation part of the required paired answer. Workload context: An engineer checks image tag spelling to validate deployment but never compares running Pod imageID with approved digest.

D:

Check registry digest, image signatures, deployment Pod imageID and provenance attestations across stages. This is the most discriminating evidence for the described failure or requirement. An image digest identifies the immutable artifact; matching labels or Git SHAs alone do not prove identical layers. The corresponding implementation is: Promote the same reviewed container image digest between environments instead of rebuilding mutable tags at each stage. This is the diagnostic evidence part of the paired answer. Workload context: An engineer checks image tag spelling to validate deployment but never compares running Pod imageID with approved digest.

Incorrect Answers

A:

An incident timeline pinpoints the failing dependency rather than relying on one generic readiness or CPU signal. This step belongs to Correlating metrics logs and traces rather than the complementary implementation and evidence pair. The intended approach is: Promote the same reviewed container image digest between environments instead of rebuilding mutable tags at each stage. Validate with: Check registry digest, image signatures, deployment Pod imageID and provenance attestations across stages. Workload context: An engineer checks image tag spelling to validate deployment but never compares running Pod imageID with approved digest.

B:

Inspect Pod Ready condition, container restart count, probe event, endpoint membership and HTTP response details. This step belongs to Readiness-probe failure versus process crash rather than the complementary implementation and evidence pair. The intended approach is: Promote the same reviewed container image digest between environments instead of rebuilding mutable tags at each stage. Validate with: Check registry digest, image signatures, deployment Pod imageID and provenance attestations across stages. Workload context: An engineer checks image tag spelling to validate deployment but never compares running Pod imageID with approved digest.

E:

Record artifact provenance, dependency inventories and signed attestations so deployment policy can trace a build to authorized source. This step belongs to Software supply chain attestations rather than the complementary implementation and evidence pair. The intended approach is: Promote the same reviewed container image digest between environments instead of rebuilding mutable tags at each stage. Validate with: Check registry digest, image signatures, deployment Pod imageID and provenance attestations across stages. Workload context: An engineer checks image tag spelling to validate deployment but never compares running Pod imageID with approved digest.

Kubernetes and Cloud Native Associate (KCNA) Practice Tests