Which Test Should You Choose for Test-Optional MBA Programs: GRE or GMAT?
The landscape of MBA admissions has evolved significantly over recent years, and one of the most notable shifts has been the growing adoption of test-optional policies. Traditionally, the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) and the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) have served as cornerstone assessments for MBA candidates, helping admissions committees evaluate applicants’ academic preparedness and potential for success in rigorous graduate programs. However, the rise of test-optional programs and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have complicated the decision-making process for prospective students wondering whether they should take either exam at all.
The GMAT has long been the preferred assessment for business schools, specifically designed to measure skills considered critical to success in graduate business education. Its emphasis on quantitative reasoning, verbal skills, analytical writing, and integrated reasoning aligns closely with MBA coursework. The GRE, historically used for a wide range of graduate programs, has increasingly become accepted by business schools as an alternative to the GMAT. Both tests evaluate critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, but their formats and emphases differ in ways that can influence candidates’ performance and preferences.
The Impact of COVID-19 on MBA Admissions and Testing
The onset of the coronavirus pandemic in early 2020 profoundly disrupted traditional admissions procedures. With lockdowns in place and in-person test centers shuttered globally, MBA hopefuls faced unprecedented barriers to taking standardized exams. Online proctored versions of the GRE and GMAT emerged as a solution, yet these digital alternatives were not without their challenges.
Technical difficulties, ranging from internet connectivity issues to software glitches, frequently interrupted test sessions. Additionally, there was widespread anecdotal evidence that scores from online tests tended to be lower than those obtained in-person by the same test-takers. Whether due to the unfamiliar testing environment, increased stress, or other factors, these discrepancies raised questions about the reliability and fairness of online testing during this period.
In response to these challenges, many MBA programs temporarily waived the requirement for GRE or GMAT scores in the 2020-2021 application cycles. This move not only accommodated candidates navigating pandemic-related obstacles but also opened the door to a broader discussion about the necessity and relevance of standardized testing in MBA admissions.
The Rise of Test-Optional Policies in MBA Programs
Test-optional admissions policies were initially more common in undergraduate education, designed to increase access and reduce barriers for students from diverse backgrounds. However, the disruption caused by COVID-19 accelerated their adoption in graduate programs, including MBA degrees. Schools sought to maintain admissions momentum while recognizing that many applicants could not access standardized tests or felt disadvantaged by the online testing format.
Several top business schools now offer test waivers or test-optional admissions, though the extent varies. For instance, programs such as the University of Virginia’s Darden School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University’s Tepper School of Business, and the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business have continued to provide test waivers on a case-by-case basis. Meanwhile, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Sloan School of Management stands out as the only top-ranked MBA program fully embracing a test-optional admissions process.
These policies do not imply that testing is no longer relevant; rather, they reflect a more holistic approach to evaluating candidates. Admissions committees increasingly weigh professional experience, undergraduate performance, leadership potential, essays, recommendations, and other qualitative factors alongside or in lieu of test scores.
Should You Still Take the GRE or GMAT for Test-Optional MBA Programs?
The availability of test waivers and test-optional policies presents a dilemma for MBA applicants: is it advantageous to invest time and resources preparing for and taking the GRE or GMAT, or is it better to forgo the exam and apply test-optional? The answer depends on individual circumstances, including academic background, work experience, personal strengths, and the specific requirements of the target programs.
Applicants with strong undergraduate records from respected institutions and substantial professional achievements may find that a test waiver strengthens their application by highlighting these assets. On the other hand, candidates with less robust academic or professional profiles may benefit from submitting a competitive test score to bolster their candidacy.
According to admissions consultants, including experts with extensive experience guiding MBA applicants, test scores serve as a valuable signal to schools. Linda Abraham, founder and president of Accepted, advises that candidates with weaker academic or work credentials should strongly consider taking one of the exams. The tests provide objective evidence of quantitative and verbal aptitude, helping schools gain confidence in the applicant’s ability to handle graduate-level coursework.
Similarly, Natalie Grinblatt-Epstein, a former director and dean at leading business schools, emphasizes the predictive value of the quantitative sections of both exams. She notes that these components correlate strongly with academic success in core MBA classes, underscoring their importance in the admissions evaluation.
Challenges for Applicants Who Struggle with Timed Exams
For many candidates, standardized tests pose challenges beyond academic content. Test anxiety, time pressure, and other factors can significantly impact performance, sometimes obscuring a candidate’s true potential. This raises the question: should applicants who do not perform well on timed exams limit themselves to test-optional programs?
The answer is nuanced. While applying only to fully test-optional schools might seem like an easy solution, it is important to consider the broader application strategy. For those with disabilities or learning differences, requesting accommodations well in advance can provide additional time or other supports to level the playing field during the exam.
Tutoring and targeted preparation can also improve outcomes, particularly in quantitative reasoning. Many applicants discover that supplementing their preparation with advanced business or statistics courses enhances their confidence and abilities. If the resulting scores are still disappointing, candidates are not required to report them, allowing other elements of their application—such as essays and recommendations—to demonstrate their strengths.
How to Determine When to Apply with a Test Waiver
Deciding whether to request a test waiver requires careful self-assessment and strategic planning. Applicants with strong quantitative backgrounds, including those holding certifications such as CPA (Certified Public Accountant) or CFA (Chartered Financial Analyst), often have a persuasive case for waivers.
Esmeralda Cardenal, a former admissions director at Yale School of Management and Michigan State University’s Broad College of Business, highlights that candidates who successfully obtained waivers typically had solid academic credentials, including a GPA around 3.7 from reputable institutions, degrees in technical fields like engineering or computer science, and several years of relevant work experience.
Conversely, those with fewer years of experience and no quant-related credentials were more likely to be asked to submit test scores. However, being denied a waiver does not mean automatic rejection; candidates with lower test scores but strong profiles have been admitted to prestigious programs, particularly when they bring distinctive professional experience and clear career goals.
The Importance of a Well-Rounded Application for Test-Optional Candidates
For applicants pursuing test-optional pathways, every other aspect of the application must be impeccable. Admissions committees will scrutinize essays, letters of recommendation, academic transcripts, and professional achievements to evaluate the candidate’s fit and potential contribution to the program.
The essay component is especially critical for test-optional candidates. It provides an opportunity to articulate personal motivations, professional goals, leadership experiences, and unique perspectives. Candidates who understand the school’s mission and culture and convey how they will add value stand a better chance of admission.
Furthermore, applicants may be asked to explain their reasons for requesting a test waiver. Clear, compelling explanations that align with the candidate’s overall profile and narrative increase the likelihood of approval. Applicants who fail to provide sufficient justification often see their waiver requests denied.
Real-Life Success Stories of Test-Optional Applicants
The experiences of past applicants demonstrate that a strategic approach to test-optional applications can yield positive outcomes. For instance, one candidate with learning disabilities and modest undergraduate grades applied late to six top-20 MBA programs, requesting waivers from all. Four programs granted the waivers; two offered admission, including one with a generous scholarship.
This candidate’s success was attributed to strong work experience, meaningful community service, and polished writing skills. Importantly, he clearly understood the schools’ values and communicated how he would excel and contribute to their communities. This example underscores the power of a well-crafted application narrative in overcoming conventional metrics.
Navigating the Decision to Test or Not to Test
The decision to take the GRE or GMAT in a test-optional MBA admissions environment is complex and highly individualized. Applicants must carefully weigh their academic history, professional background, and personal circumstances. Those with strong quantitative skills and academic records might benefit from submitting test scores to enhance their application. Candidates facing challenges with standardized tests can explore accommodations and targeted preparation to improve their performance.
For applicants choosing the test-optional route, success hinges on submitting a compelling, comprehensive application that highlights strengths beyond test scores. Clear communication, strategic storytelling, and a deep understanding of target schools’ values are essential.
Ultimately, the growing flexibility in MBA admissions offers hopeful candidates multiple pathways to demonstrate their potential and secure a place in top programs. With thoughtful planning and professional guidance, applicants can navigate these options and put forth the strongest possible case for admission.
Comparing the GRE and GMAT: Understanding the Core Differences
For MBA aspirants deciding between the GRE and the GMAT, it is essential to understand the fundamental differences in test structure, question types, and scoring mechanisms. Both exams are designed to assess critical thinking, quantitative reasoning, and verbal skills, but each has its own nuances that may better suit different candidates based on their academic backgrounds, career goals, and testing preferences.
The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) is specifically designed for business school applicants. It consists of four sections: Analytical Writing Assessment, Integrated Reasoning, Quantitative, and Verbal. The GMAT places a significant emphasis on quantitative skills and data interpretation, reflective of the analytical rigor in MBA curricula. Conversely, the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is a more general test used across various graduate programs, including business, law, and sciences. The GRE’s format includes Verbal Reasoning, Quantitative Reasoning, and Analytical Writing sections.
Understanding the layout and scoring system of both exams helps candidates decide which test aligns better with their strengths and application strategy.
The Structure and Timing of the GRE and GMAT
The GRE test spans approximately three hours and 45 minutes, divided into six sections: one Analytical Writing section, two Verbal Reasoning sections, two Quantitative Reasoning sections, and one unscored or research section. The Verbal and Quantitative sections include multiple-choice and numeric entry questions, with an adaptive format at the section level.
In contrast, the GMAT lasts about three hours and seven minutes and is divided into four distinct sections. The Analytical Writing Assessment requires one essay analyzing an argument. The Integrated Reasoning section tests data interpretation skills through multi-source reasoning, graphics interpretation, and table analysis. The Quantitative and Verbal sections are computer-adaptive at the question level, adjusting difficulty based on the test taker’s responses.
Because the GMAT adapts after each question, it provides a more granular assessment of the candidate’s abilities compared to the GRE’s section-level adaptation.
Quantitative Reasoning: Content and Difficulty Comparison
Quantitative reasoning on the GMAT is generally considered more challenging than on the GRE due to its emphasis on problem-solving and data sufficiency questions. GMAT quantitative questions often test higher-order reasoning skills rather than rote computation. Data sufficiency, a question type unique to the GMAT, requires test takers to decide if the given information is adequate to solve a problem, demanding sharp analytical thinking.
The GRE quant section, by comparison, focuses more on straightforward problem-solving, algebra, geometry, and data analysis. While still rigorous, GRE quantitative questions tend to be more formulaic and often require less interpretation of ambiguous data sets.
Candidates with a strong mathematics background or those who excel in logic-based reasoning may find the GMAT quant section more aligned with their skills, whereas those preferring a broader range of basic math concepts may lean toward the GRE.
Verbal Reasoning: Differences in Focus and Style
The verbal section of the GMAT is known for its critical reasoning, sentence correction, and reading comprehension questions. Sentence correction is particularly distinctive, requiring test takers to identify grammatical errors and improve sentence clarity, conciseness, and style—skills highly valued in business communication.
The GRE verbal section emphasizes vocabulary, text completion, sentence equivalence, and reading comprehension. It includes more advanced vocabulary than the GMAT, often testing nuanced word meanings and idiomatic usage. The GRE also does not have a sentence correction component, making its verbal section more about comprehension and vocabulary depth.
Applicants with strong grammar and editing skills may find the GMAT verbal section more comfortable, while those with robust vocabulary and reading skills might prefer the GRE verbal.
Writing Sections: Analytical Writing vs. Analytical Writing Assessment
Both exams include writing sections, though they differ slightly in purpose and format. The GMAT’s Analytical Writing Assessment requires test takers to analyze an argument and critique its reasoning in an essay of approximately 500 words within 30 minutes. This task evaluates critical thinking and the ability to communicate complex ideas clearly.
The GRE includes two Analytical Writing tasks: “Issue” and “Argument” essays, each requiring about 30 minutes. The Issue task asks test takers to present and support their views on a general topic, while the Argument task involves critiquing the logic of an argument, similar to the GMAT’s essay.
Candidates comfortable with essay writing and argument analysis may find either writing section manageable, but the GRE’s dual essays require broader writing stamina.
Scoring Systems and Score Reporting
The GMAT total score ranges from 200 to 800 and is calculated based on the Quantitative and Verbal sections only. Integrated Reasoning and Analytical Writing Assessment scores are reported separately on a scale from 1 to 8 and 0 to 6, respectively. Most business schools focus primarily on the 200–800 score when evaluating applicants.
The GRE reports three separate scores: Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning, each scored between 130 and 170, and Analytical Writing scored on a 0 to 6 scale. Many business schools convert GRE scores to an equivalent GMAT scale for comparison purposes, although these conversions are approximate.
Understanding these scoring differences is important when setting score goals and comparing results across tests.
Which Test is Preferred by Business Schools?
While both the GRE and GMAT are widely accepted by business schools, some programs still express a slight preference for the GMAT due to its business-centric design. However, the gap is narrowing as the GRE gains popularity among applicants and admissions committees recognize its validity.
Candidates should research the requirements and preferences of their target programs carefully. Some schools provide detailed guidance on their websites, including statistics on the average GRE or GMAT scores of admitted students.
In many cases, submitting a strong score on either exam can be equally effective, provided the rest of the application is compelling.
Cost, Test Availability, and Retake Policies
The GMAT exam fee is generally higher than the GRE, often around $275 compared to the GRE’s $230. Test availability also differs; the GRE is offered year-round at many more testing locations worldwide, including online at-home options, whereas the GMAT has more limited availability and fewer online options.
Retake policies are similar; both exams allow multiple attempts with specific waiting periods between tests. The GMAT permits up to five attempts in a 12-month period with a total of eight lifetime attempts, while the GRE allows unlimited attempts every 21 days but no more than five times within a 12-month period.
Candidates should consider scheduling flexibility and potential retakes when planning their test timelines.
Preparation Strategies for GRE and GMAT
Effective preparation for either test involves understanding the format, practicing with realistic materials, and addressing personal weaknesses. Because the GMAT’s integrated reasoning and data sufficiency sections are unique, dedicated study resources are essential for those aiming for a high score.
The GRE’s emphasis on vocabulary and text completion means applicants should invest time building a strong vocabulary base and practicing reading comprehension with dense academic texts.
Test prep courses, online practice tests, and tutoring are popular tools. Many candidates also benefit from building a structured study schedule that balances content review, timed practice, and full-length simulated exams.
Choosing Based on Personal Strengths and Goals
Ultimately, the choice between GRE and GMAT should reflect individual strengths, career aspirations, and comfort with test formats. Candidates with extensive quantitative training, excellent grammar skills, and preference for business-focused questions might prefer the GMAT. Those with a broader academic background and strong vocabulary skills may gravitate toward the GRE.
Applicants aiming for specialized MBA programs or dual degrees should verify whether the GRE is accepted by their programs of interest. Some highly selective programs still favor the GMAT, so knowing the admissions landscape is critical.
Making an Informed Choice
Choosing between the GRE and GMAT is a pivotal step in the MBA application journey. Both exams serve as valid measures of critical skills required for graduate business education, but they cater to different testing preferences and strengths. By carefully assessing the structural differences, question types, scoring systems, and personal aptitudes, candidates can select the exam that maximizes their chances of admission success.
A well-prepared candidate who understands the nuances of their chosen test will not only achieve a competitive score but also gain confidence that translates into a stronger overall application. As the MBA admissions process continues to evolve, informed decisions about testing remain a key component in navigating the path to a top business school.
Test Day Tips and Strategies for Success
Test day can be a stressful experience, but with the right mindset and preparation, candidates can optimize their performance on either the GRE or GMAT. Arriving well-rested, managing time effectively during the exam, and employing strategic guessing when necessary are all key factors in achieving a strong score.
It is essential to familiarize yourself with the test center rules and procedures beforehand, including what identification to bring, rules about breaks, and allowable materials. For those taking the test online, ensuring a quiet environment with a reliable internet connection is critical.
During the exam, carefully reading each question, pacing yourself to avoid rushing, and staying calm under pressure contribute greatly to success. Practicing mindfulness or breathing exercises before and during breaks can help maintain focus and reduce anxiety.
Utilizing Practice Tests and Review
Consistent practice with official practice tests is one of the most effective ways to prepare for the GRE or GMAT. These tests replicate the exam environment and question style, allowing candidates to gauge their readiness, identify weaknesses, and build endurance for the test’s duration.
Reviewing incorrect answers thoroughly is just as important as taking the practice tests themselves. Understanding the logic behind mistakes prevents repeating them and solidifies mastery of difficult concepts.
Many test prep providers offer detailed analytics with their practice exams, highlighting areas where the candidate may struggle. Using these insights to tailor study plans ensures that preparation time is used efficiently and effectively.
Building a Balanced Study Schedule
An effective study schedule balances learning new material, reviewing content, practicing questions, and taking full-length tests. Spreading preparation over several months reduces burnout and improves long-term retention.
Starting with a diagnostic test helps establish a baseline score and focus areas. Subsequently, candidates can allocate more time to their weaker sections while maintaining regular practice in their strengths.
Incorporating varied study methods—such as video lessons, flashcards, group study, and private tutoring—can also enhance engagement and understanding. The key is to maintain consistency and adaptability in your approach.
The Role of Coaching and Study Groups
For many candidates, working with a coach or joining a study group can provide motivation, accountability, and additional insights. Coaches can help develop customized study plans, teach test-taking strategies, and provide feedback on practice essays or questions.
Study groups offer opportunities for discussion, sharing resources, and learning from peers’ perspectives. This collaborative environment can deepen comprehension and reduce the isolation that sometimes accompanies exam preparation.
However, it is important to choose coaches and groups with proven track records and to ensure that their methods align with your learning style and goals.
Common Pitfalls to Avoid During Preparation
One frequent mistake is neglecting the adaptive nature of the GMAT and the section-level adaptation of the GRE. Understanding how question difficulty changes during the exam helps candidates manage time and effort more effectively.
Over-reliance on memorization rather than conceptual understanding can also hinder performance, especially in the quantitative and verbal reasoning sections. Deep comprehension of principles allows for better problem-solving and flexibility.
Additionally, procrastination and inconsistent study habits reduce the effectiveness of preparation. Setting realistic milestones and maintaining discipline are crucial for steady progress.
How to Handle Test Anxiety and Mental Blocks
Test anxiety is a common obstacle that can impair concentration and recall. Techniques such as visualization, positive affirmations, and relaxation exercises can mitigate stress before and during the exam.
If mental blocks occur during the test, it is advisable to skip particularly difficult questions and return to them later if time permits. This strategy prevents losing valuable time and maintains confidence.
Developing resilience through simulated test conditions and gradual exposure to timed practice tests can build mental toughness and familiarity with the exam’s pressure.
Understanding Score Validity and Application Timing
GRE scores are valid for five years, while GMAT scores remain valid for five years as well. Candidates should plan their test dates to align with application deadlines, allowing ample time for retakes if necessary.
Sending scores to schools can be done immediately after the test or later, depending on the candidate’s strategy. Some prefer to withhold scores until they achieve their target, while others send them promptly to meet early application rounds.
Understanding these logistics ensures that score reporting does not become a last-minute hurdle during the busy application season.
Impact of COVID-19 and Online Testing Options
The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the availability of online versions of both the GRE and GMAT. The GRE at-home test has become a permanent option, while the GMAT Online exam remains available, offering greater flexibility and convenience.
Online testing requires candidates to prepare their testing environment carefully, including eliminating distractions and ensuring compliance with proctoring requirements.
This shift has also impacted test availability and scheduling, reducing wait times in many regions and enabling more candidates to take the exam on their preferred dates.
Post-Test Steps: Evaluating Scores and Planning Next Moves
After receiving test scores, candidates should assess whether their results meet the requirements of their target programs. If scores fall short, retaking the exam may be necessary, focusing study efforts on weaker sections.
It is also important to consider how test scores fit into the overall application profile. Strong essays, recommendations, work experience, and extracurricular activities can complement or offset less-than-ideal test results.
Developing a clear timeline for application submission, interviews, and financial planning ensures a smooth progression toward admission.
Your Path to MBA Admission Success
Choosing between the GRE and GMAT and preparing for either exam is a complex but manageable endeavor. Candidates who invest time in understanding the nuances of each test, develop strategic study plans, and maintain a disciplined, balanced approach to preparation enhance their likelihood of success.
Remember that test scores are just one component of a holistic application. Demonstrating leadership, clarity of purpose, and alignment with your chosen program’s values will ultimately distinguish you in a competitive admissions process.
With thoughtful preparation and perseverance, the goal of earning a coveted spot in a top MBA program is well within reach.
Conclusion:
Deciding whether to take the GRE or GMAT, especially within the evolving landscape of test-optional MBA programs, is a nuanced decision that depends on your individual profile, strengths, and application goals. While test waivers offer flexibility, submitting strong standardized test scores can still enhance your candidacy—particularly if your academic or professional background requires additional validation.
Throughout your preparation journey, understanding the unique formats, scoring methods, and expectations of each exam allows you to choose the test that aligns best with your skills and future ambitions. A balanced, consistent study plan that incorporates practice exams, review, and targeted improvement will boost your confidence and performance on test day.
Moreover, leveraging resources such as tutors, study groups, and accommodations when needed ensures that you optimize your preparation in a way that respects your learning style and potential challenges. Managing test anxiety, planning test dates strategically, and knowing how to interpret and use your scores in the application process further increase your chances of success.
Ultimately, the GRE or GMAT score is one piece of a comprehensive application puzzle. Strong essays, meaningful work experience, leadership, and clear career goals collectively shape a compelling narrative that resonates with admissions committees. As business schools continue to adapt their admissions policies, staying informed and adaptable is key.
By thoughtfully approaching your testing strategy and application preparation, you position yourself not just to meet admission requirements, but to excel as a future leader in your MBA program and beyond. With diligence, self-awareness, and the right support, your dream of joining a top-tier MBA program is entirely achievable.