ACT or SAT? Everything You Need to Know to Choose the Best Test for You

Understanding the roots of these exams provides clarity about their purpose and what they measure today. The SAT was first introduced in 1926 by the College Board, designed as a standardized measure to help colleges evaluate students beyond their high school transcripts. Its early focus was on general aptitude and intelligence, but over time it shifted toward assessing critical thinking and knowledge in reading, writing, and math. The test has evolved through multiple revisions, aiming to better align with high school curricula and the skills needed for college success.

The ACT was created later, in 1959, as a competitor to the SAT. It was developed by ACT, Inc. to provide a test that reflected what students actually learn in high school. The ACT includes sections specifically dedicated to English, Math, Reading, and Science Reasoning. It aims to measure college readiness through a more straightforward assessment that integrates knowledge and reasoning skills students gain in their classes.

Both exams have adapted over decades, reflecting educational trends and student needs. In recent years, the SAT has emphasized evidence-based reading and writing, while the ACT has maintained its unique Science section and generally faster pace.

What Are These Tests Designed to Measure?

Though the SAT and ACT serve a similar purpose — assessing college readiness — they emphasize different skills.

The SAT focuses primarily on analytical reasoning, problem-solving, and evidence-based reading and writing. It tests students’ ability to interpret passages, analyze arguments, and solve mathematical problems that require logical thinking rather than rote memorization. Although there is no separate science section, the SAT incorporates scientific data interpretation in some questions.

The ACT, on the other hand, provides a broader assessment. It includes a specific Science Reasoning section that evaluates how well students can analyze and interpret scientific information, such as charts, graphs, and experimental results. This section doesn’t require prior scientific knowledge but tests critical thinking skills in a scientific context.

Both tests are widely accepted by colleges as equally valid measures of academic potential.

Structure and Timing: How the Tests Compare

A key factor in choosing between the ACT and SAT is understanding the format and timing of each exam. This can affect your comfort level and performance on test day.

SAT Structure

The SAT consists of three main sections plus an optional essay:

Reading: 65 minutes, 52 questions. Passages come from a variety of disciplines, including literature, history, social science, and natural science. Questions test comprehension, interpretation, and evidence evaluation.
Writing and Language: 35 minutes, 44 questions. This section tests grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, and clarity by asking students to edit passages.
Math: 80 minutes, 58 questions split into two parts — one allowing calculator use and one without. Topics include algebra, problem-solving, data analysis, and some advanced math concepts.
Essay (optional): 50 minutes to analyze how an author builds an argument in a given text.

Without the essay, the total test time is 3 hours; with the essay, it extends to 3 hours and 50 minutes.

ACT Structure

The ACT contains four mandatory sections and an optional writing test:

English: 45 minutes, 75 questions. Focus on grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, and rhetorical skills.
Math: 60 minutes, 60 questions covering algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and basic statistics.
Reading: 35 minutes, 40 questions with four passages testing comprehension, inference, and analysis.
Science Reasoning: 35 minutes, 40 questions. Assesses interpretation and analysis of scientific data and experiments.
Writing (optional): 40 minutes to write an essay analyzing multiple perspectives on a topic.

Total testing time without writing is 2 hours and 55 minutes; with writing, 3 hours and 35 minutes.

Key Differences in Test Content

Math

The ACT math section covers a wider range of topics, including more geometry and trigonometry, and requires faster problem-solving because of the greater number of questions and limited time. The SAT math section emphasizes algebra and data analysis and splits its math questions into calculator and no-calculator portions. SAT math problems often require multi-step reasoning, while ACT math leans more on quick recall and application.

Reading and Writing

The ACT reading section is composed of four shorter passages and demands a brisk pace to complete all questions. It focuses on reading comprehension and direct evidence gathering. The SAT reading section involves longer, denser passages, requiring more analytical thought about author intent, argument structure, and synthesis.

In writing, the ACT’s English section zeroes in on grammar and usage, whereas the SAT writing and language section involves improving passages for clarity and style, emphasizing more nuanced language skills.

Science Section

The ACT’s Science section stands apart. Rather than testing specific scientific facts, it evaluates your ability to understand and interpret data, analyze experiments, and evaluate scientific hypotheses. If you have strong analytical skills and a comfort level with charts, graphs, and data, this section can be a strength.

The SAT doesn’t have a dedicated science section but includes scientific data interpretation questions embedded within reading and math sections.

Scoring Systems and Their Impact

Each test has a unique scoring scale, and understanding these can help you interpret your performance and college admissions criteria.

SAT Scoring

The SAT is scored on a scale of 400 to 1600, combining the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) and Math sections, each scored between 200 and 800. The essay, if taken, is scored separately on three dimensions: Reading, Analysis, and Writing, each from 2 to 8 points. There is no penalty for incorrect answers, encouraging test takers to guess when uncertain.

ACT Scoring

Each ACT section receives a score from 1 to 36. The composite score is the average of the four sections. The optional writing test is scored separately from 2 to 12. Like the SAT, the ACT does not penalize guessing.

Colleges accept both tests equally and often use superscoring, where the highest section scores across multiple test dates are combined to create a higher composite score.

Choosing the Best Test for You: Key Considerations

When deciding between the ACT and SAT, several factors can influence your choice:

Academic Strengths and Preferences

If you excel at scientific reasoning and analyzing data, the ACT’s Science section may play to your strengths.
If you prefer reading complex texts and tackling reasoning-based math problems, the SAT’s format may suit you better.

Test-Taking Style

The ACT requires quick thinking and fast pacing, as you face more questions in less time.
The SAT allows for a more deliberate, thoughtful approach, with fewer questions but more complex problem-solving.

College and Scholarship Requirements

Most colleges accept either test, but some may have preferences or scholarship criteria tied to one exam. It’s a good idea to check the specific admissions policies of the schools you’re interested in.

Preparation and Resources

Consider the availability of test prep materials and your own study habits. Some students find the ACT’s straightforward questions easier to prepare for, while others prefer the SAT’s emphasis on critical reasoning.

Why Taking Practice Tests Is Essential

The best way to decide between the ACT and SAT is by taking full-length, timed practice exams for both. This experience will help you:

Understand which test feels more natural and comfortable.
Identify your strengths and weaknesses in each test’s format.
Gauge how well you manage the pacing and stamina demands.

Official practice tests provide a realistic sense of what to expect and can reduce test anxiety.

Understanding the ACT and SAT’s backgrounds, purposes, structures, and scoring systems sets the stage for an informed test choice. While the SAT emphasizes analytical reasoning and evidence-based skills, the ACT offers a broader approach with its unique Science section and faster pacing.

Choosing the right test depends on your academic strengths, pacing preferences, and college goals. Practice tests are invaluable in revealing which exam suits you best.

we will dive into study strategies tailored for each exam, effective time management during preparation, and tips to maximize your scores.

Effective Study Strategies and Time Management for the ACT and SAT

Developing a Personalized Study Plan

Preparing for the ACT or SAT requires more than just reviewing content; it demands a well-crafted plan tailored to your strengths, weaknesses, and schedule.

Begin by assessing your baseline scores through official practice tests for both exams, if you haven’t already. This initial step reveals which test aligns better with your skills and highlights specific areas needing improvement.

Next, map out your study timeline. Most students benefit from dedicating 8 to 12 weeks to focused preparation. Break this period into manageable segments, allocating more time to challenging sections and less to your stronger ones. Incorporate regular practice tests every 2 to 3 weeks to monitor progress and adjust your plan.

Make your study schedule realistic. Factor in schoolwork, extracurriculars, and personal commitments to avoid burnout. Consistency beats cramming.

Content Review: Targeted Preparation for Each Section

Reading and Writing Preparation

For both tests, reading comprehension and grammar skills are crucial. However, approaches differ slightly.

For the SAT, hone analytical reading by engaging with diverse texts—literature, history, social sciences, and natural sciences. Practice identifying authors’ arguments, purposes, and rhetorical techniques. Annotate passages and summarize paragraphs to deepen understanding.
For the ACT reading section, develop quick-skimming and scanning techniques to extract key information efficiently. Practice answering questions under timed conditions to build pacing skills.

Grammar preparation is vital for the SAT’s Writing and Language section and the ACT’s English test. Focus on common rules like subject-verb agreement, punctuation, parallel structure, and verb tenses. Use grammar workbooks and official test prep resources for exercises that reinforce these concepts.

Mastering Math: Building Conceptual Understanding and Speed

Math preparation varies between the ACT and SAT due to content and timing differences.

For the ACT, prioritize fluency in algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. Since the ACT demands faster pacing, practice mental math and problem-solving shortcuts. Work on interpreting word problems quickly and accurately.
For the SAT, emphasize algebra, problem-solving, and data analysis, especially working without a calculator. Develop skills in multi-step reasoning and understanding functions and linear equations. The no-calculator math portion requires strong numerical intuition and familiarity with mental computation.

Utilize practice problems that mimic the style of questions you’ll encounter on each test. Supplement your study with math apps and online video tutorials that explain difficult concepts in digestible formats.

Tackling the ACT Science Section

The Science section can seem intimidating due to its unique focus. However, it tests reasoning over specific content knowledge, which means you don’t need an extensive science background.

Practice interpreting graphs, tables, and experimental setups. Learn to identify variables, hypotheses, and conclusions. Focus on understanding how to analyze trends and discrepancies in data.

Timed practice is crucial here, as the section’s rapid pace challenges even confident readers. Approach each passage with a methodical mindset: first scan the visuals, then read questions, and finally locate answers efficiently.

Essay Preparation: Should You Take It?

Both the SAT and ACT offer optional essays. Deciding whether to take the essay depends on your target colleges and your comfort with timed analytical writing.

If an essay is required or recommended by your prospective schools, prepare by practicing with official prompts. Focus on analyzing arguments, structuring your response clearly, and supporting your points with evidence.

Develop a template for your essay that allows you to quickly organize your thoughts under time constraints. Familiarize yourself with rhetorical devices, such as ethos, pathos, and logos, since these often feature in passages.

Effective Time Management During Test Day

Beyond content mastery, managing time on test day profoundly impacts your score.

SAT Time Management Tips

The SAT gives slightly more time per question compared to the ACT, but the questions often require deeper thinking.

Allocate your time by section, and don’t spend too long on any single question.
Use process of elimination to narrow answer choices quickly.
If stuck, make an educated guess and move on. There is no penalty for guessing.

The SAT’s no-calculator math section can be tricky; practice pacing so you complete all questions without rushing.

ACT Time Management Tips

The ACT is known for its fast pace and volume of questions.

Train yourself to answer questions quickly, focusing on efficiency over perfection.
Avoid getting bogged down by difficult questions; skip and return if time permits.
Use the answer sheet methodically to avoid misaligning answers.

Pacing drills during practice tests are essential for building the stamina and speed needed to finish comfortably.

Utilizing Practice Tests and Review Sessions

Regular, full-length practice tests are invaluable. They simulate the testing environment, reduce anxiety, and build endurance.

After each practice test, invest time in thorough review:

Identify question types you missed and understand why.
Note patterns in errors: timing issues, careless mistakes, or conceptual gaps.
Adjust your study plan based on insights from these reviews.

Taking tests under timed, distraction-free conditions sharpens your focus and helps condition your mind for test day.

Leveraging Test Prep Resources

Various resources can enhance your preparation:

Official Materials: College Board and ACT, Inc. provide free and paid practice tests, sample questions, and study guides.
Prep Books: Publishers like Princeton Review, Kaplan, and Barron’s offer comprehensive guides with strategies, practice questions, and tips.
Online Platforms: Interactive websites and apps can offer adaptive learning, instant feedback, and progress tracking.
Tutoring and Classes: For those needing personalized attention, tutoring or prep courses can provide targeted instruction and motivation.

Choose resources that suit your learning style and budget. Avoid overwhelming yourself with too many materials—quality over quantity.

Balancing Test Prep with Other Commitments

It’s easy to let test preparation dominate your schedule, but balance is key.

Maintain your academic performance and engage in extracurricular activities. Colleges value well-rounded applicants who manage time effectively.

Prioritize sleep, nutrition, and physical activity. A healthy body supports a sharp mind, which is essential for success on test day.

The Psychological Aspect: Building Confidence and Reducing Anxiety

Test anxiety can impair performance. Build confidence through preparation, but also develop strategies to manage stress:

Practice mindfulness or breathing exercises.
Visualize a successful test experience.
Prepare all logistics ahead of time—know your test location, materials needed, and arrival times.

Confidence grows when you trust your preparation and approach the exam with a calm mindset.

Effective ACT and SAT preparation combines strategic study plans, focused content review, time management skills, and emotional readiness. Understanding how to tailor your preparation to each test’s nuances maximizes your chances for success.

we will explore how to interpret your scores, use score reports for college applications, and understand the implications of superscoring and test-optional policies.

Understanding Scores, College Applications, and Test Policies

How Are ACT and SAT Scores Calculated?

Understanding the scoring systems of the ACT and SAT is vital for interpreting your results and strategizing your test efforts.

The SAT score ranges from 400 to 1600, combining two main sections: Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) and Math. Each section is scored between 200 and 800. The optional essay is scored separately on three dimensions (reading, analysis, and writing) from 2 to 8 and does not affect the composite score.

The ACT composite score ranges from 1 to 36, calculated as the average of four test sections: English, Math, Reading, and Science. Each section is scored between 1 and 36. The optional writing test is scored separately on a scale of 2 to 12.

Decoding Your Score Reports

Both tests provide detailed score reports that break down performance by section and even by question type.

On the SAT, the report highlights subscores in areas like Command of Evidence, Expression of Ideas, Heart of Algebra, and Problem Solving and Data Analysis. This granularity helps pinpoint specific strengths and weaknesses.

The ACT score report includes a STEM score, which averages Math and Science, and an English/Writing score, which averages English and the optional essay if taken. This can be useful for STEM-focused applicants.

Reviewing these details helps refine study strategies or guides decisions about retaking the test.

What Is Superscoring, and How Can It Help?

Superscoring is the practice some colleges use to combine the highest section scores from multiple test dates into one composite score. For example, if you scored higher on Math in one SAT and better on Reading in another, the school may take the best scores from each to form your superscore.

Many colleges superscore both the SAT and ACT, but policies vary widely. Check each institution’s official admissions page to understand their approach.

Superscoring can alleviate pressure by allowing multiple test attempts without penalizing lower scores. It encourages a strategic approach to test-taking.

The Role of Standardized Tests in College Admissions

Despite changes in admissions policies, standardized tests remain influential in many ways.

Tests provide a common measure to compare students from different schools and educational backgrounds. Strong scores can bolster applications by demonstrating readiness for college-level work.

However, tests are only one piece of the puzzle. Admissions committees also consider GPA, coursework rigor, extracurriculars, essays, recommendations, and interviews.

Balancing all components, including test preparation, creates the strongest application possible.

Navigating Test-Optional and Test-Blind Policies

In recent years, a growing number of colleges have adopted test-optional or test-blind admissions.

Test-Optional means applicants may choose whether to submit ACT or SAT scores. If scores are submitted, they can enhance the application; if not, the absence won’t negatively impact admission decisions.
Test-Blind (or test-free) policies mean scores are not considered at all, even if submitted.

These policies emerged partly due to the COVID-19 pandemic disrupting testing access. They aim to reduce barriers but make preparing for the ACT or SAT more nuanced.

If your prospective schools are test-optional, research whether submitting scores benefits your chances. High scores can still be advantageous, while low scores might be better withheld.

Using Your Scores for Scholarships and Placement

Beyond admissions, standardized test scores can unlock scholarship opportunities. Many merit-based scholarships use ACT or SAT scores as a key eligibility criterion.

Check scholarship requirements carefully to ensure your scores meet minimum thresholds.

In some colleges, test scores also influence course placement, particularly in math and English. Higher scores might exempt you from remedial courses, saving time and tuition.

When and How to Retake the ACT or SAT

Retaking tests is common and often advisable if you believe you can improve your scores.

Consider retesting if:

Your scores are below the average range for your target schools.
You have improved in your academic preparation since your last test.
You feel more comfortable with the test format and pacing.

Each retake provides an opportunity to learn from previous mistakes and refine your strategy.

Remember to allow adequate preparation time before the next test date. Don’t rush to retake without addressing weaknesses.

Preparing for Test Day: Practical Tips

Test day preparation goes beyond content review.

Gather all required materials the night before: admission ticket, photo ID, approved calculator, pencils, and snacks.
Ensure a good night’s sleep to be mentally sharp.
Arrive early to reduce stress and allow time for check-in procedures.
Read all instructions carefully during the exam.
Pace yourself but avoid rushing; maintain a steady rhythm.
Use process-of-elimination and smart guessing techniques.

Deciding Which Test to Submit When You Take Both

If you take both the ACT and SAT, some students wonder which score to send to colleges.

Consider these factors:

Which test score is stronger overall?
Do certain colleges prefer one test over the other?
Does the superscoring policy apply?
Are your essay scores better on one test?

Sending the test where you have the highest composite and strongest subscores gives you a competitive edge.

The Future of Standardized Testing

Standardized testing is evolving, influenced by educational research, equity considerations, and technology.

Digital testing formats are becoming more common, promising faster scoring and more interactive questions.

Test designs may shift to better assess critical thinking, problem-solving, and real-world skills.

Stay informed about changes through official sources like the College Board and ACT, Inc.

Making the Most of Your Testing Journey

Choosing between the ACT and SAT is an important decision, but preparation and understanding how to leverage your scores are equally crucial.

Approach your testing journey with a strategic mindset:

Pick the test that fits your strengths.
Develop a structured study plan.
Manage your time efficiently.
Understand score reports.
Use scores wisely for admissions and scholarships.
Stay informed about policy changes.

By mastering these elements, you enhance not only your chances of admission but also your readiness for the academic challenges ahead.

Advanced Strategies, Alternative Testing Options, and Special Considerations

Advanced Test-Taking Strategies for the ACT and SAT

Once you have mastered the basics, refining your approach with advanced strategies can help you maximize your scores.

Strategic Guessing and Eliminating Answers

Both the ACT and SAT do not penalize for wrong answers, so it is always beneficial to answer every question.

Learn to quickly eliminate obviously incorrect options to improve your odds when guessing.
On the SAT, sometimes questions contain clues within other questions or answer choices; train yourself to spot these patterns.
On the ACT, where time is tight, trust your first instinct for questions you’re unsure of to avoid wasting precious seconds.

Managing Section Transitions

Transitioning smoothly between sections can prevent mental fatigue.

Use short mental breaks between sections to breathe deeply and reset your focus.
Avoid dwelling on previous questions once you move on.

Reading Passage Approaches

Different passage types on both tests benefit from tailored reading strategies.

For the SAT, annotate and underline while reading to keep track of key points.
For the ACT, quickly skim first to get a general idea, then focus on questions requiring deeper analysis.

Alternative Testing Options: What About the PSAT, SAT Subject Tests, and Others?

While the ACT and SAT are the primary standardized tests for college admissions, other exams can complement or serve alternative roles.

PSAT/NMSQT

The Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test (PSAT/NMSQT) is a practice test and scholarship qualifier taken usually in sophomore or junior year of high school.

It mirrors the SAT’s format but is shorter.
High scores can qualify students for National Merit Scholarships, a prestigious honor with significant financial rewards.

SAT Subject Tests (Discontinued in the US but still relevant abroad)

Although discontinued in the US, some international students still take SAT Subject Tests to demonstrate proficiency in specific subjects like Math, Biology, or History.

These can enhance college applications by showcasing strengths.
Check if your target colleges accept or recommend them.

Advanced Placement (AP) Exams and International Baccalaureate (IB)

While not standardized tests for admission, strong AP or IB exam scores can demonstrate academic readiness and may earn college credit.

Testing Accommodations for Students with Disabilities

Both the ACT and SAT offer accommodations for students with documented disabilities to ensure fair testing conditions.

Common accommodations include:

Extended time
Additional breaks
Separate testing rooms
Use of assistive technology

The application process involves submitting documentation well before your test date, often several months in advance.

If you believe you qualify, start the accommodations request early to avoid last-minute complications.

Navigating Language Barriers: English Language Learners and Testing

For students who are English Language Learners (ELLs), the language intensity of both tests can pose extra challenges.

Preparation Tips for ELL Students

Focus on expanding academic vocabulary, especially words common on standardized tests.
Practice reading comprehension with diverse texts.
Use bilingual dictionaries or translation tools only during practice, as they are not allowed during the actual exam.
Consider test dates early in the year to allow for retakes after language skills improve.

When to Consider Test-Optional or Test-Blind Colleges

If standardized testing doesn’t play to your strengths, exploring test-optional or test-blind schools can be a wise path.

Advantages

Reduced pressure and anxiety around test scores.
Emphasis on holistic aspects like essays, recommendations, and extracurriculars.

Disadvantages

Some scholarships and programs still require scores.
A strong test score might have enhanced your application.

Balance your options carefully by researching schools’ admissions and scholarship criteria thoroughly.

International Students: Special Considerations for Testing

International students often face additional hurdles when taking the ACT or SAT.

Check test availability and dates in your country or region.
Account for extra travel time and costs if no local test centers exist.
Understand the English proficiency requirements, which sometimes require additional tests like TOEFL or IELTS alongside the ACT or SAT.

Early planning and coordination with your school counselor can smooth the process.

How COVID-19 Changed Standardized Testing and What to Expect Next

The pandemic prompted significant changes in standardized testing policies:

Many colleges went test-optional or test-blind temporarily.
Testing centers faced closures and limited availability.
Digital and at-home testing pilots emerged.

While many schools are reinstating testing requirements, some flexibility remains. Keep abreast of evolving policies through official channels and adapt your plans accordingly.

Combining Test Scores with Other Application Elements

Strong test scores are most effective when integrated into a comprehensive application package.

Pair your scores with a compelling personal statement.
Highlight leadership roles, community service, and unique talents.
Secure recommendation letters that affirm your academic and personal qualities.

Standardized tests open doors, but your entire profile creates the full picture for admissions officers.

Handling Disappointment: What to Do If Your Scores Aren’t What You Expected

It’s normal to feel discouraged if your scores don’t meet expectations.

Analyze your score report to identify specific areas for improvement.
Consider additional prep time before retaking the test.
Remember, many students are admitted with scores below school averages due to strong other application components.
Explore test-optional schools if retesting isn’t feasible.

Resilience and adaptability are key traits in any academic journey.

Conclusion:

Choosing between the ACT and SAT involves thoughtful consideration of your personal strengths, goals, and circumstances. Beyond the test itself, effective preparation, strategic test-taking, understanding policies, and integrating scores with your broader application will maximize your chances of success.

Whether you pursue the ACT, the SAT, or both, approach this process as a chance to learn, grow, and prepare for the challenges ahead.